Salvadora persica (Miswak)-Stängel

In Ayurveda, Salvadora persica is known as Pilu or Gudaphal. It is traditionally used to help balance Vata and Kapha doshas. The plant is best known worldwide for its use as a natural chewing stick for cleaning teeth. This practice is widely accepted, and the World Health Organization has recognized its role in reducing plaque and tooth decay.
Beyond oral care, the plant has several traditional uses. In Ayurveda, the stem bark is used for digestive complaints and is considered a mild laxative and liver-supporting herb. In North African and Middle Eastern folk medicine, where the plant is called Arak, decoctions made from the roots and stems are used to ease joint pain and manage mild fevers. The leaves and fruits are also used in traditional remedies to support heart health and to help relieve respiratory discomfort such as cough and asthma.

The stems of Salvadora persica contain a mix of natural compounds that explain both their cleaning action and medicinal use. One important compound is salvadorine, an alkaloid known for its antimicrobial effects. The stems also contain silica, which works as a mild abrasive and helps remove surface stains from teeth. Tannins are present as well, giving the plant an astringent effect that supports gum health. Another key compound is benzyl isothiocyanate, which has strong antibacterial and antiviral activity. The plant also provides flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, along with saponins and plant sterols like beta-sitosterol. Essential minerals, including calcium, fluoride, and chlorides, contribute to enamel strength. In addition, volatile oils containing eucalyptol and limonene give the plant its sharp, mustard-like taste and natural breath-freshening effect.